Methods for implanting B22Hx and its ionized lower mass byproducts

ABSTRACT

Methods for implanting an ionized polyhedral borane cluster or a selected ionized lower mass byproduct into a workpiece generally includes vaporizing and ionizing a polyhedral borane cluster molecule in an ion source to create a plasma and produce ionized polyhedral borane cluster molecules and its ionized lower mass byproducts. The ionized polyhedral borane cluster molecules and lower mass byproducts within the plasma are then extracted to form an ion beam. The ion beam is mass analyzed with a mass analyzer magnet to permit selected ionized polyhedral borane cluster molecules or selected ionized lower mass byproducts to pass therethrough and implant into a workpiece.

BACKGROUND

The present disclosure generally relates to semiconductor implantation, and more specifically, to methods for selectively implanting polyhedral boranes or its lower order byproducts into semiconductor work pieces.

Conventional ion implantation systems, used for doping work pieces such as semiconductors, include an ion source that ionizes a desired dopant element, which is then accelerated to form an ion beam of prescribed energy. The ion beam is directed at the surface of the workpiece to implant the workpiece with the dopant element. The energetic ions of the ion beam penetrate the surface of the workpiece so that they are embedded into the crystalline lattice of the workpiece material to form a region of desired conductivity. The implantation process is typically performed in a high-vacuum process chamber which prevents dispersion of the ion beam by collisions with residual gas molecules and which minimizes the risk of contamination of the workpiece by airborne particulates.

Ion dose and energy are the two most important variables used to define an implant step for a particular species. Ion dose relates to the concentration of implanted ions for a given semiconductor material. Typically, high current implanters (generally greater than 10 milliamps (mA) ion beam current) are used for high dose implants, while medium current implanters (generally capable up to about 1 mA beam current) are used for lower dose applications.

Ion energy is used to control junction depth in semiconductor devices. The energy of the ions that make up the ion beam determines the degree of depth of the implanted ions. High energy processes such as those used to form retrograde wells in semiconductor devices require implants of up to a few million electron-volts (MeV), while shallow junctions may only demand energies below 1 thousand electron-volts (keV), and ultra-shallow junctions may require energies as low as 250 electron-volts (eV).

The continuing trend to smaller and smaller semiconductor devices requires implanters with ion sources that continue to deliver higher beam currents at lower energies. The higher beam current provides the necessary dosage levels, while the lower energy levels permit shallow implants. Source/drain junctions in complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) devices, for example, require such high current, low energy applications.

Conventional ion sources utilize an ionizable dopant gas that is obtained either directly from a source of a compressed gas or indirectly from a vaporized solid. Typical source elements are boron (B), phosphorous (P), gallium (Ga), indium (In), antimony (Sb), and arsenic (As). Most of these source elements are commonly used in both solid and gaseous form, except boron, which is almost exclusively provided in gaseous form, e.g., as boron trifluoride (BF₃), or as a compound in solid (powder) form as decaborane (B₁₀H₁₄).

Decaborane (B₁₀H₁₄) could be an excellent feed material for boron implants because each decaborane molecule (B₁₀H₁₄) when vaporized and ionized can provide a molecular ion comprised of ten boron atoms. Such a source is especially suitable for high dose/low energy implant processes used to create shallow junctions, because a molecular decaborane ion beam can implant ten times the boron dose per unit of current as can a monatomic boron ion beam. In addition, because the molecular weight is also 10 times that of a monotonic ion, the decaborane molecule must be accelerated to 10 times the energy in order to achieve the same implanted depth in the target workpiece. (The individual boron atoms of a singly charged decaborane molecule (B₁₀H_(X) ⁺) of 10 identical boron atoms accelerated with a voltage V, each have an energy of eV/10, and thus the ion beam will be extracted at 10 times the required energy). This feature enables the molecular ion beam to avoid the transmission losses that are typically brought about by low-energy ion beam transport and so called “space charge” effects.

Recent process and ion source improvements have enabled the generation of ion beam currents that might prove in the future to be sufficient for production applications of decaborane implants. Keys to such improvements are ion source operation at relatively low temperatures which prevents dissociation of the decaborane molecule and fragmentation of the desired parent molecular ion (B₁₀H_(X) ⁺) into borane fragments and elemental boron. In addition, in known decaborane ion sources, such as that shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,107,634, a low-density plasma is maintained to prevent the plasma itself from causing such dissociation and fragmentation.

As stated above, future ultra shallow junctions in semiconductors will likely require boron implants with implant energies as low as 100 electron volts (eV). At such low energies, ion beam current densities will necessarily decrease. In addition, semiconductor implant throughput will decrease due to the transport issues at low energy. Alternatively, it would be desirable to increase the ion beam energy transport levels without increasing the energy levels of the individual boron atoms implanted. This can be accomplished through the use of deceleration or the utilization of higher order ionized molecules.

BRIEF SUMMARY

Disclosed herein are processes for implanting polyhedral borane clusters and its lower mass byproducts. In one embodiment, the process for implanting B₂₂Hx and its ionized products comprises vaporizing and ionizing a polyhedral borane cluster molecule in an ion source to create a plasma to produce ionized polyhedral borane cluster molecules and lower mass byproducts; extracting the ionized polyhedral borane cluster molecules and lower mass byproducts within the plasma through a source aperture to form an ion beam; mass analyzing the ion beam with a mass analyzer magnet to permit the ionized polyhedral borane cluster molecules and ionized lower mass byproducts to pass therethrough; transport of the ion beam and optionally applying additional acceleration or deceleration potentials; and implanting the ionized polyhedral borane cluster molecules or selected ionized mass of the lower mass byproducts into a workpiece.

These and other objects, advantages and features of the disclosure will become better understood from the detailed description of the disclosure that is described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.4

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 provides a perspective view of an exemplary polyhedral borane cluster of formula: [B₂₂H₂₂]²⁻ at the 40% probability level and showing the atom numbering sequence, wherein the cations have been omitted for clarity;

FIG. 2 schematically illustrates an exemplary ion implantation device;

FIG. 3 schematically illustrates a partial cross sectional view of a single plasma ion source for an ion implantation device suitable for practicing the method in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 4 schematically illustrates a partial cross section view of the ionizer portion of the ion implantation device of FIG. 3;

FIG. 5 schematically illustrates an isometric view of a dual plasma ion source for an ion implantation device suitable for practicing the method in accordance with the present disclosure;

FIG. 6 schematically illustrates a cross sectional perspective view of a dual plasma ion source for an ion implantation device suitable for practicing the method in accordance with the present disclosure; and

FIG. 7 schematically illustrates an exemplary ion implantation device utilizing a dual plasma ion source.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present disclosure generally relates to a method of implanting an ionized polyhedral borane cluster molecule or a selected ionized mass of one of its fragmented lower mass byproducts into a workpiece. The ionized polyhedral borane cluster molecule or the selected ionized mass of its lower mass byproducts are extracted, i.e., accelerated, from an ion source, mass analyzed, and implanted into the workpiece. The extracted ions may also go through additional acceleration, deceleration or focusing stages before it reaches the workpiece. Advantageously, the ionized polyhedral borane cluster molecule or selected ionized mass of the fragmented lower mass byproducts permit a wider effective energy range than would be possible if implanting only the polyhedral borane cluster molecule.

In one embodiment, the ionized polyhedral borane cluster molecule and its fragmented lower mass byproducts are formed from a polyhedral borane cluster molecule of the formula B₂₂H_(x), wherein x is less than or equal to 24. In one embodiment, the B₂₂H_(x) cluster molecule consists essentially of a fused polyhedron including an open (nido) decaborane cage fused to a closed (closo) dodecaborane cluster, wherein the boron atoms are not integral parts of the cluster vertices. FIG. 1 provides a perspective view of an exemplary polyhedral molecule. As will be discussed in greater detail herein, during ionization, the polyhedral borane cluster molecule can be made to fragment to provide ionized lower mass byproducts including, among others, ionic species of B₁₀OH_(x) and B₁₂H_(x), which thus enable implantation to occur at effectively higher energies as well as providing a wider range of energies. For example, implanting B₁₂H_(x) ⁺ enables an effectively higher implant energy by a factor of about 1.8. Additional energy range extension can occur with the selection of ions with multiple charge states or energy range reduction with selection of boron-hydride dimers, e.g., (B₂₂H_(x))n, wherein n is 2.

In one embodiment, the polyhedral borane cluster molecule is a dianion of the formula (I): [η₅—C₅H₅)Fe(η⁵—C₅H₄CH₂(Me)₃N)]⁺²[B₂₂H₂₂]²⁻  (1)

The above compound (1) can be synthesized by the following procedure as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,525,224, incorporated herein by reference in it entirety.

The process generally includes a room temperature reaction between tetramethylethylene-diamine-solvated sodium undecaborate, {[Na(TMEDA)₂][B₁₁H₁₄]⁻}, and hydrogen peroxide in 1:9 stoichiometry in 1:1:1 solvent mixture of benzene, hexane, and water in the presence of aqueous sulfuric acid, followed by cation exchange with ferrocenylmethyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium iodide and subsequent crystallization from aqueous acetonitrile solution. This reaction has been used to produce the fused polyhedral borane cluster, identified as {[η⁵—C₅H₅)Fe(η⁵—C₅H₄CH₂(Me)₃N]⁺ ₂[B₂₂H₂₂]²⁻} (1), in 60% yield. It will be appreciated by one skilled in the art that variations in the amounts of reactants and ratio of solvents can be accommodated and at least some of the (B₂₂H₂₂)²⁻ species obtained. Other cations commonly used to precipitate polyhedral boron hydride anions such as alkylammonium, phosphonium, arsonium, CS⁺ can also be used to afford precipitates of (B₂₂H₂₂)²⁻. Other oxidative coupling procedures can be used to prepare (B₂₂H₂₂)²⁻.

The B₂₂H_(x) polyhedral borane cluster molecule can be implanted using any ion implantation device suitable for handling borane clusters such as those disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,013,332; 6,107,634; 6,288,403; 6,958,481; 6,452,338; 7,185,602; and 6,013,332. The ion beam produced by the particular ion implantation device may be configured as a spot beam mechanical scan, wherein the workpiece is mechanically scanned in two dimensions orthogonal to a generally stationary spot beam having an approximately circular cross-section of a particular diameter depending on the characteristics of the spot beam; a ribbon beam, wherein the beam is fixed in one direction across the workpiece while the workpiece is mechanically scanned in an orthogonal direction, and wherein the ribbon beam may have a large width/height aspect ratio and may be at least as wide as the workpiece; or an electromagnetically or electrostatically scanned beam that is scanned in one direction across a workpiece that is mechanically scanned in an orthogonal direction. An exemplary ion implantation device is the OPTIMA HD® ion implantation device commercially available from Axcelis Technologies, Inc, which is configured to provide a spot beam 2-dimensional mechanical scan.

FIG. 2 schematically illustrates an exemplary ion implantation device 10. The device generally includes an ion source 12, a beamline assembly 14, and a targeting chamber 16 housing a workpiece 18. The ion source 12 generates charged ions from a vaporized molecular polyhedral borane cluster that are subsequently extracted during operation to form an ion beam 20. The beamline assembly 14 includes a mass analyzer 22 formed at about a ninety degree angle and includes one or more magnets that serve to establish a (dipole) magnetic field therein. As the ion beam 20 enters the mass analyzer 22, it is correspondingly bent by the magnetic field such that undesired ions are deflected and the desired ions pass therethrough. Once through the mass analyzer, the ion beam may be accelerated, decelerated, focused or otherwise modified for implantation into the workpiece. In this manner, the ions that pass therethrough have a desired charge to mass ratio, which are subsequently implanted into the workpiece. During implantation of the ions having the desired charge to mass ratio, the workpiece can be mechanically scanned in two dimensions perpendicular to the ion beam. The entire path traversed by the ion beam 20 is under vacuum during implantation.

The ion source for generating the ion beam can be a single plasma ion source or a dual plasma ion source. FIG. 3 schematically illustrates an exemplary single plasma ion source 50 suitable for practicing the method and is generally disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,479,828 to Perel, the contents of which are incorporated by reference in its entirety. The single plasma ion source 50 includes a vaporizer 51 and an ionizer 53. The vaporizer 51 comprises a non-reactive, thermally conductive sublimator or crucible 52, a heating medium reservoir 54, a heating medium pump 55, a temperature controller 56, and a mass flow controller 60. The crucible 52 is located remotely from the ionizer 53 and connected thereto by a feed tube 62, constructed of quartz or stainless steel that is surrounded by an outer single-chamber annular sheath 90 along substantially the entire length thereof.

The crucible 52 provides a container 64 enclosing a cavity 66 for containing a source material 68. The container is preferably made of a suitable non-reactive (inert) material such as stainless steel, graphite, quartz or boron nitride and which is capable of holding a sufficient amount of source material 68, e.g., B₂₂H_(x).

The polyhedral B₂₂H_(x) cluster molecule can exist in powder form and can be vaporized through a process of sublimation by heating the walls of the container 64 with a heating medium 70 contained in reservoir 54. For example, the polyhedral B₂₂H_(x) cluster molecule, e.g., [η⁵—C₅H₅)Fe(η⁵—C₅H₄CH₂(Me)₃N)]⁺²[B₂₂H₂₂]²⁻ can be heated in order to achieve the pressure necessary for vapor transport, typically greater than 100 mTorr. Completely vaporized polyhedral [B₂₂H₂₂]²⁻ exits the crucible 52 via feed tube 62 and enters mass flow controller 60, which controls the flow of vapor, and thus meters the amount of vaporized [B₂₂H₂₂]²⁻ which is provided to the ionizer 53.

Alternatively, the feed tube 62 is provided in the form of a capillary tube and sheath 90 is provided in the form of a coaxial dual-chamber sheath, comprising an inner sheath surrounded by an outer sheath. The heating medium may be pumped into the inner sheath (located adjacent the capillary tube 62) and pumped out of the outer sheath (located radially outward from the inner sheath). In this second embodiment, the mass flow controller 60 may be replaced with a heated shut-off valve (not shown) located at the feed tube/ionizer interface, and mass flow is increased or decreased by directly changing the temperature of the reservoir 54.

The ionizer 53 is shown in more detail in FIG. 4. The ionizer 53 comprises a generally cylindrical body 96 and a generally annular base or mounting flange 98, both in the preferred embodiment constructed of aluminum. The aluminum body 96 is cooled by means of entry cooling passageway 100 fed by inlet 102 and exit cooling passageway 104 which exits body 96 via outlet 106. The cooling medium may be water or any other suitable fluid having high heat capacity. The entry and exit cooling passageways provide a continuous pathway by which water flows therethrough to cool the ionizer body 96. Although only a fragmented portion of the pathway is shown in phantom in FIG. 4, the pathway may extend near and about the outer periphery of the body in any known configuration to insure that the entire body is effectively cooled.

Cooling the body 96 insures that the ionization chamber 108 resides at temperatures that will accommodate the B₂₂H_(x) polyhedral cluster molecule pressure within the ionization chamber and is sufficiently high.

Within the confines of the ionizer body 96 are an extension of the feed tube 62, surrounded by annular sheath 90, terminating at ionization chamber 108. Within the ionization chamber resides a hot cathode 110 and an anti-cathode or repeller 112. The hot cathode 110 comprises a heated tungsten filament 114 surrounded by a molybdenum cylinder 116 and capped by tungsten endcap 118. The heated filament 114 is energized via power feedthroughs 120 and 122 that pass through and are electrically insulated from the aluminum body 96. The repeller 112 is also electrically insulated from the body 96, via a thermally conductive electrically insulating material (such as sapphire) which physically couples the repeller to the cooled ionization chamber 108.

In operation, the vaporized B₂₂H_(x) cluster molecule is injected into the ionization chamber via feed tube 62 at ionizer inlet 119. When the tungsten filament 114 is energized electrically by application of a potential difference across feedthroughs 120 and 122, the filament emits electrons that accelerate toward and impact endcap 118. When the endcap 118 is sufficiently heated by electron bombardment, it in turn emits electrons into the ionization chamber 108 that strike the vaporized borane cluster molecules to create ions in the chamber. Depending on the conditions, fragmentation of the cluster molecule can also be made to occur.

A low-density ion plasma is thereby created, from which an ion beam is extracted from the chamber through source aperture 126. The plasma includes, among others, (B₂₂H_(x))⁺, decaborane ions (B₁₀H_(X) ⁺), where x is an integer up to 14, dodecaborane ions (B₁₂H_(X) ⁺), where x is an integer up to 12, among others, all of which are selectively implantable into a workpiece. The extracted ion beam is then mass analyzed by mass analysis magnet 127 to permit only ions having a prescribed charge-to-mass ratio to pass therethrough. The low density of the ionized B₂₂H_(x) plasma in chamber 108 is in part provided by the relatively low arc discharge power maintained in the source.

Using the single plasma ion source 50 of FIG. 3 in an ion implantation device, an entire polyhedral B₂₂H_(x) cluster molecule (twenty two boron atoms), dimers, or its fragmented lower mass byproducts such as B₁₀H_(x) and B₁₂H_(x) can be selectively implanted into the work piece. The B₂₂H_(x) cluster molecule breaks up at the work piece surface such that the energy of each boron atom is a fraction of the boron cluster or lower mass byproduct. For example, in the case of B₁₀H₁₄ the energy of each atom is roughly one-tenth the energy of the ten-boron group of atoms. Thus, the beam can be transported at multiple times the desired boron implantation energy, enabling very shallow implants without significant beam transmission losses. In addition, at a given beam current, each unit of current delivers up to twenty two times the dose to the workpiece. Finally, because the charge per unit molecule is a fraction of a monatomic beam implant, workpiece charging problems are much less severe for a given dose rate.

The mass analysis magnet 127 can be adjusted, as is known in the art, to permit to pass therethrough only particles having a charge-to-mass ratio within a specific range. The mass analysis magnet can create a dipole magnetic field to deflect various ions in an ion beam via magnetic deflection in an arcuate passageway that will effectively separate ions of different charge-to-mass ratios. Accordingly, the mass analysis magnet 127 may be adjusted to permit ionized B₂₂H_(x), or ionized B₄₄H_(x), or ionized B₁₂H_(x) or ionized B₁₀H_(x) or the like to pass therethrough.

Electrons generated by cathode 110 which do not strike a B₂₂H_(x) cluster molecule in the ionization chamber to create ionized B₂₂H_(x) and its fragmented lower mass ions move toward the repeller 112, which deflects these electrons back toward the cathode. The repeller is preferably constructed of molybdenum and, like the cathode, is electrically insulated from the ionizer body 96. Walls 128 of the ionization chamber 108 are maintained at local electrical ground potential. The cathode 110, including endcap 118, is maintained at a potential of approximately 50 to 150 volts below the potential of the walls 128. The filament 114 is maintained at a voltage approximately between 200 and 600 volts below the potential of the endcap 118. The large voltage difference between the filament 114 and the endcap 118 imparts a high energy to the electrons emitted from the filament to sufficiently heat endcap 118 to terminologically emit electrons into the ionization chamber 108.

The single plasma ion source 50 provides a control mechanism for controlling the operating temperature of the crucible 52, as well as that of the feed tube 62 through which vaporized B₂₂H_(x) cluster molecule passes on its way to and through the ionizer 53. The heating medium 70 is heated within the reservoir 54 by a resistive or similar heating element 80 and cooled by a heat exchanger. The temperature control means comprises a temperature controller 56 which obtains as an input temperature feedback from the reservoir 54 via thermocouple 92, and outputs a control signal to heating element 80, as further described below, so that the heating medium 70 in the reservoir is heated to a suitable temperature.

The heating medium 70 comprises mineral oil or other suitable medium (e.g., water) that provides a high heat capacity. The oil is heated to a temperature within the 20° C. to 250° C. range by the heating element 80 and circulated by pump 55 around the crucible 52 and the feed tube 62 through sheath 90. The pump 55 is provided with an inlet and an outlet 82 and 84, respectively, and the reservoir 54 is similarly provided with an inlet 86 and an outlet 88, respectively. The flow pattern of the heating medium about the crucible 52 and the feed tube 62, may be any pattern that provides reasonable circulation of the medium about the crucible 52 and the feed tube 62.

Referring back to FIG. 3, the crucible cavity 66 is pressurized in order to facilitate material transfer of the vaporized (sublimated) B₂₂H_(x) cluster molecule from the crucible 52 to the ionization chamber 108 through the feed tube 62. As the pressure within cavity 66 is raised, the rate of material transfer correspondingly increases. The ionization chamber operates at a near vacuum (about 1 millitorr), and thus, a pressure gradient exists along the entire length of the feed tube 62, from the crucible 52 to the ionization chamber 108. The pressure of the crucible is typically on the order of 1 torr.

By locating the crucible 52 remotely from the ionization chamber 108, the material within crucible cavity 66 is thermally isolated, thereby providing a thermally stable environment unaffected by the temperature in the ionization chamber. As such, the temperature of the crucible cavity 66, in which the process of sublimation occurs, may be controlled independently of the operating temperature of the ionization chamber 108 to a high degree of accuracy (within 1° C.). Also, by maintaining a constant temperature of the vaporized B₂₂H_(x) cluster molecule during transport to the ionization chamber via the heated feed tube 62, no condensation or thermal decomposition of the vapor occurs.

The temperature controller 56 controls the temperature of the crucible 52 and the feed tube 62 by controlling the operation of the heating element 80 for the heating medium reservoir 70. Thermocouple 92 senses the temperature of the reservoir 70 and sends temperature feedback signal 93 to the temperature controller 56. The temperature controller responds to this input feedback signal in a known manner by outputting control signal 94 to the reservoir heating element 80. In this manner, a uniform temperature is provided for all surfaces to which the solid phase B₂₂H_(x) and vaporized B₂₂H_(x) cluster molecules are exposed, up to the location of the ionization chamber.

By controlling the circulation of the heating medium in the system (via pump 55) and the temperature of the heating medium (via heating element 80), the ion source 50 can be controlled to an operating temperature of on the order of 20° C. to 250° C. (±1° C.). Precise temperature control is more critical at the crucible, as compared to the end of the feed tube nearest the ionization chamber, to control the pressure of the crucible and thus the vapor flow rates out of the crucible.

Because the plasma density using the ion source is kept low (on the order 10¹⁰/cm³) to control fragmentation of the B₂₂H_(x) molecular structure so as to provide the lower mass byproducts such as B₁₂H_(x) and B₁₀H_(x), total extracted ion beam current will be low when using a conventionally-sized source aperture. Assuming a comparable beam current density, the aperture 126 in the ionizer 53 is made large enough to insure an adequate ion beam current output. A 1 cm² (0.22 cm×4.5 cm) aperture permits a beam current density of about 100 microamps per square centimeter (μ A/cm²) at the workpiece, and up to (less than or equal to) 1 mA/cm² of extracted beam current from the source. (The actual focused beam current delivered to the workpiece is only a fraction of the total extracted beam current.) Aperture sizes of about 5 cm² are possible in some implanters, which would yield a beam current of about 500 μA at the workpiece. In ultra low energy (ULE) implanters, even larger aperture sizes (up to 13 cm²) are possible.

FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate a simplified exemplary dual plasma ion source 200, wherein the dual plasma ion source 200 is suitable for implanting the polyhedral borane cluster molecule. It should be noted that the dual plasma ion source 200 depicted in FIGS. 5 and 6 is provided for illustrative purposes and is not intended to include all aspects, components, and features of an ion source.

The dual plasma ion source 200, for example, comprises a first plasma chamber 202 situated adjacent a second plasma chamber 216. The first plasma chamber 202 includes a gas source supply line 206 and is a configured with a plasma generating component 204 for creating plasma from a first source gas. A source gas is introduced into the first plasma chamber 202 by a gas supply line 206. The source gas can comprise at least one of the following: inert gases such as argon (Ar) and xenon (Xe), standard ion implantation gases such as boron trifluoride (BF₃), arsene (AsH₃) and phosphene (PH₃), and reactive gases such as oxygen (O₂) and nitrogen trifluoride (NF₃). It should be understood that the foregoing list of source gases is provided for illustrative purposes only, and shall not be considered to represent a complete list of the source gases that could be delivered to the first plasma chamber.

The plasma generating component 204 can comprise a cathode 208/anode 210 combination, wherein the cathode 208 may include a simple Bernas-type filament configuration, or an indirectly heated cathode. Alternatively, the plasma generating component 204 may include an RF induction coil antenna that is supported having a radio frequency conducting segment mounted directly within a gas confinement chamber to deliver ionizing energy into the gas ionization zone, for example, as disclosed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,661,308.

The first, or electron source, plasma chamber 202 defines an aperture 212 forming a passageway into a high vacuum region of an ion implantation system, i.e. a region wherein pressure is much lower than the pressure of the source gas in the first plasma chamber 202. The aperture 212 provides a pumping aperture for maintaining source gas purity at a high level, as will be further discussed hereinbelow.

The electron source plasma chamber 202 also defines an aperture 214 forming an extraction aperture for extracting electrons from the electron source plasma chamber 202. In one embodiment, the extraction aperture 214 is provided in the form of a replaceable anode element 210 as illustrated in FIG. 6, having an aperture 214 formed therein. As such, it will be recognized by those of skill in the art that the electron source plasma chamber 202 can be configured to have a positively biased electrode 219 (relative to the cathode 208) for attracting electrons from the plasma in a so-called non-reflex mode. Alternatively, the electrode 219 can be biased negatively relative to the cathode 208 to cause electrons to be repelled back into the electron source plasma chamber 202 in a so-called reflex mode. It will be understood that this reflex mode configuration would require proper biasing of the plasma chamber walls, together with electrical insulation and independent biasing of the electrode 219.

As previously stated, the dual plasma ion source 200 also includes a second, or ion source chamber 216. The second ion source plasma chamber 216 includes a second gas source supply line 218 for introducing a source gas into the ion source plasma chamber 216 and is further configured to receive electrons from the electron source plasma chamber 202, thereby creating plasma therein via the collisions between the electrons and the second source gas. The second source gas comprises the polyhedral borane cluster molecule B₂₂H_(x).

The second, or ion source, plasma chamber 216 defines an aperture 217 aligned with the extraction aperture 214 of the first plasma chamber 202, forming a passageway therebetween for permitting electrons extracted from the first plasma chamber 202 to flow into the second plasma chamber 216. Preferably, the ion source plasma chamber 216 is configured to have a positively biased electrode 219 for attracting electrons injected into the ion source plasma chamber 216 in a so-called non-reflex mode to create the desired collisions between electrons and gas molecules to create ionization plasma. Alternatively, the electrode 219 can be biased negatively to cause electrons to be repelled back into the ion source plasma chamber 216 in a so-called reflex mode.

An extraction aperture 220 is configured in the second plasma chamber 216 to extract ions for formation of an ion beam for implantation in the usual manner.

In one embodiment, the second plasma chamber 216 is biased positively with respect to the first plasma chamber 202 utilizing an external bias power supply 215. Electrons are thus extracted from the electron source plasma chamber 202 and injected into the ion source plasma chamber 216 where collisions are induced in the second plasma chamber 216 between the electrons provided by the first plasma chamber 202 and the B₂₂H_(x) cluster molecule supplied to the second plasma chamber 216 via the second gas source supply line 218, to create a plasma.

It should be noted that the first plasma chamber 202 and the second plasma chamber 216 can have three open boundaries: a gas inlet (e.g., a first gas supply inlet 222 and a second gas supply inlet 224), an opening to a high vacuum area (e.g., pumping aperture 212 and extraction aperture 220) and a common boundary apertures 214 and 217 forming the common passageway between the first and second plasma chambers, 202 and 204, respectively. Preferably, the area of the common boundary apertures 214 and 1217 is kept small compared to the apertures 212 and 220 into the high vacuum region, i.e., first plasma chamber aperture 212 and second plasma chamber aperture 220.

In one exemplary dual plasma ion source configuration, the ion source comprises components of a standard indirect hot cathode (IHC) ion source of the type manufactured and sold by Axcelis Technologies, of Beverly, Mass., wherein the ion source plasma chamber includes a standard arc chamber, configured with a standard anode, extraction system and source feed tube. The internally heated cathode element of the standard IHC source is removed and replaced with a small electron source plasma chamber mounted in its place, which contains components similar to a standard IHC ion source of the type manufactured and sold by Axcelis Technologies, including an arc chamber, a standard internally heated cathode element and a source feed tube.

Both plasma chambers can also share a magnetic field oriented along the extraction aperture, provided by a standard Axcelis source magnet, depicted by reference numeral 230. It is well known that the ionization process (and in this case the electron generating process) becomes more efficient by inducing a vertical magnetic field in the plasma generating chamber. As such, in a preferred embodiment electromagnet members 230 are positioned outside of the first and second plasma chambers, 202 and 216 respectively, preferably along the axis of the shared boundary therebetween. These electromagnet elements 230 induce a magnetic field that traps the electrons to improve the efficiency of the ionization process.

The electron source chamber 202 is preferably thermally isolated from the ion source plasma chamber 216 via an insulative member 226 positioned therebetween, with the only power coupled to the ion source plasma chamber 216 being a small amount of radiative power, typically on the order of 10 W, provided from the cathode 108 through the common boundary aperture formed by apertures 214, 217, and the discharge power associated with the electron current injected into the ion source plasma chamber 266, typically 10 W for a decaborane or octadecaborane discharge. The low amount of power coupled to the ion source plasma chamber 216 facilitates maintaining the wall temperatures low enough to prevent dissociation of large molecule gases. The electron source chamber 202 is electrically isolated from the ion source plasma chamber 216 by the insulative member 226.

In one embodiment, the ion source plasma chamber 216 is configured with an extraction aperture 220 having an area of approximately 300 mm² (5 mm×60 mm). The electron source chamber 202 is also configured with a pumping aperture 212 of total area 300 mm². The common boundary aperture formed by apertures 214 and 217 shared by the two plasma chambers preferably has an area on the order of 30 mm² (4×7.5 mm).

As previously noted, the choice of the areas of the electron source plasma chamber pumping aperture 212 and ion source plasma chamber extraction aperture 220, is preferably large compared to the common boundary aperture created by apertures 214 and 217, which results in relatively high gas purity in each chamber, 202 and 216. In a typical application, gas density in the electron source plasma chamber 202 and second vaporized B₂₂H_(x) cluster molecule density in the ion source plasma chamber 216 are approximately equal such that each plasma chamber gas is about 90% pure.

FIG. 7 schematically illustrates an exemplary ion implantation device 300 utilizing a dual plasma ion source such as the one described above. The ion implantation apparatus 300 (also referred to as an ion implanter) is operably coupled to a controller 302 for controlling the various operations and processes implemented on the ion implantation apparatus 300. The ion implantation apparatus 300 includes the double plasma ion source assembly 306 described hereinabove for producing a quantity of ions for generating an ion beam 308 traveling along an ion beam path P, for implantation of the ions to a workpiece 310 (e.g., a semiconductor workpiece, display panel, etc.) held on a workpiece support platen 312.

The ion source assembly 306, comprises a first plasma chamber 314 (e.g., a plasma chamber or arc chamber) and a second plasma chamber 316, wherein the first plasma chamber 314 is configured with a plasma generating component 318, which can include a cathode 108 (see FIG. 2) and an anode 110 (see FIG. 2) for generating a plasma from a first gas introduced into the first plasma chamber 314 via a first gas feed line 322 from a first gas supply 301. The plasma generating component 318 can in the alternative comprise an RF induction coil, for example. The first gas can comprise at least one of the following: inert gases such as argon (Ar) and xenon (Xe), standard ion implantation gases such as boron trifluoride (BF₃), arsene (AsH₃) and phosphene (PH₃), and reactive gases such as oxygen (O₂) and nitrogen trifluoride (NF₃).

A second plasma chamber 316 is situated in fluid communication with the first plasma chamber 314 via a common boundary aperture 326 formed between the first and second plasma chambers, 314 and 316, wherein the second plasma chamber 316 contains a second gas introduced by a second gas feed line 328 from a second gas supply 320. The second gas comprises vaporized B₂₂H_(x) polyhedral borane cluster molecule.

The second plasma chamber 316 is preferably biased positive with respect to the first plasma chamber 314 by a bias power supply 332, enabling the extraction of electrons from the first plasma chamber 314 for injection into the second plasma chamber 316. When the extracted electrons collide with the second gas in the second plasma chamber 316 they create a plasma in the second plasma chamber 316. An extraction aperture 334 is provided in the second plasma chamber 316 to extract ions from the plasma formed therein the second plasma chamber 316.

The ion implantation system 300 further comprises an extraction electrode assembly 331 associated with source assembly 306, wherein the extraction electrode assembly 331 is biased to attract charged ions from the source assembly 306 for extraction through the extraction aperture. A beamline assembly 336 is further provided downstream of the ion source assembly 306, wherein the beamline assembly 336 generally receives the charged ions from the source 306. The beam line assembly 336, for example, comprises a beam guide 342, a mass analyzer 338, and a resolving aperture 340, wherein the beam line assembly 336 is operable to transport the ions along the ion beam path P for implantation into workpiece 310.

The mass analyzer 338, for example, further comprises a field generating component, such as a magnet (not shown), wherein the mass analyzer 338 generally provides a magnetic field across the ion beam 308, thus deflecting ions from the ion beam 308 at varying trajectories according to a charge to mass ratio associated with the ions extracted from the source 306. For example, ions traveling through the magnetic field experience a force that directs individual ions of a desired charge to mass ratio along the beam path P and deflects ions of undesired charge to mass ratios away from the beam path P. Once through the mass analyzer 338, the ion beam 308 is directed though a resolving aperture 340, wherein the ion beam 308 may be accelerated, decelerated, focused or otherwise modified for implantation into the workpiece 310 positioned within an end station 344.

As a result of the foregoing single and dual plasma ion source hardware configurations, the formation of molecular B₂₂H_(x) ion species and its fragmented lower mass byproducts e.g., decaborane (B₁₀H₁₄) ions within a second plasma chamber 216 utilizing electrons from the first plasma chamber 202 can avoid the typical ion source contamination problems associated with a cathode, for example, while the power dissipation attributes of such hardware can enable a wide range of electron current ionization applications typically associated with molecular species ionization, as well as high electron current ionization applications typically associated with monomer species ionization.

The foregoing descriptions of the preferred embodiments of the disclosure have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise forms disclosed. Obvious modifications or variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The embodiments were chosen and described to provide the best illustration of the principles of the disclosure and its practical applications to thereby enable one of ordinary skill in the art to utilize the disclosure in various embodiments and with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. All such modifications and variations are within the scope of the disclosure as determined by the appended claims when interpreted in accordance with the breadth to which they are fairly, legally and equitably entitled. 

1. A process for implanting a polyhedral borane cluster molecule, the process comprising: vaporizing and ionizing a polyhedral borane cluster molecule in an ion source to create a plasma to produce ionized polyhedral borane cluster molecules and ionized lower mass byproducts; extracting the ionized polyhedral borane cluster molecules and ionized lower mass byproducts within the plasma through a source aperture to form an ion beam; mass analyzing the ion beam with a mass analyzer magnet to permit the ionized polyhedral borane cluster molecules or a selected ionized mass of the lower mass byproducts to pass therethrough; transporting drift of the ion beam and/or optionally applying additional acceleration or deceleration potentials to set the final energy; and implanting the ionized polyhedral borane cluster molecules or the selected ionized mass of the lower mass byproducts into a workpiece.
 2. The process of claim 1, wherein the polyhedral borane cluster molecule comprises B₂₂H_(x), wherein x is less than or equal to
 24. 3. The process of claim 2, wherein the selected ionized mass of the lower mass byproduct comprises B₁₂H_(x) ⁺ or B₁₀H_(x) ⁺.
 4. The process of claim 2, wherein the polyhedral borane cluster molecule consists essentially of a fused polyhedron including an open decaborane cage fused to a closed dodecaborane cluster, wherein the boron atoms are not integral parts of the cluster vertices.
 5. The process of claim 2, wherein the polyhedral borane cluster molecule is [η⁵—C₅H₅)Fe(η⁵—C₅H₄CH₂(Me)₃N)]⁺²[B₂₂H₂₂]²⁻.
 6. The process of claim 1, wherein implanting the ionized polyhedral borane cluster molecules or the selected ionized mass of the lower mass byproducts into a workpiece comprises forming a spot beam and mechanically scanning the workpiece in at least one dimension, wherein the spot beam is orthogonal to the workpiece.
 7. The process of claim 1, wherein implanting the ionized polyhedral borane cluster molecules or the selected ionized mass of the lower mass byproducts into a workpiece comprises forming a ribbon beam and mechanically scanning the workpiece in an orthogonal direction.
 8. The process of claim 1, wherein implanting the ionized polyhedral borane cluster molecules or the selected ionized mass of the lower mass byproducts into a workpiece comprises electromagnetically or electrostatically scanning the ion beam across the workpiece, with a second mechanical axis in the orthogonal direction.
 9. The process of claim 1, wherein the ion source is a dual plasma ion source.
 10. The process of claim 1, wherein the ion source is a single plasma ion source.
 11. The process of claim 1, wherein the polyhedral borane cluster molecule comprises a dimer of B₂₂H_(x).
 12. The process of claim 1, wherein vaporizing and ionizing the polyhedral borane cluster molecule in the ion source comprises vaporizing the polyhedral borane cluster molecule and ionizing the vaporized polyhedral borane cluster molecule in an ionizer.
 13. The process of claim 1, wherein vaporizing and ionizing the polyhedral borane cluster molecule in the ion source comprises generating a first plasma from a first gas; extracting electrons from the first plasma; and reacting the electrons with the vaporized polyhedral borane cluster molecule to form a second plasma comprising the ionized polyhedral borane cluster molecules and ionized lower mass byproducts.
 14. The process of claim 13, wherein the first gas comprises argon, xenon, argon boron trifluoride, arsene, phosphene, oxygen, nitrogen trifluoride or combinations thereof.
 15. The process of claim 1, wherein the ion source is a single plasma ion source.
 16. A process for implanting boron atoms into a work piece, the process comprising: vaporizing a B₂₂H_(x) polyhedral cluster molecule, wherein x is less than or equal to 24; ionizing the B₂₂H_(x) polyhedral cluster molecule and extracting ions of the B₂₂H_(x) cluster molecules and their ionized byproducts from an ion source to form an ion beam; transporting drift of the ion beam and/or optionally applying additional acceleration or deceleration potentials to set the final energy; and implanting selected ions having a desired charge to mass ratio into the work piece, wherein the selected ions decompose into the boron atoms.
 17. The process of claim 16, wherein the ions comprise ionized B₂₂H_(x), ionized B₁₂H_(x), or ionized B₁₀H_(x).
 18. The process of claim 16, wherein implanting the selected ions comprises mass analyzing the extracted ions to selectively implant ions having the desired charge to mass ratio.
 19. The process of claim 16, wherein the ion source is a dual plasma ion source. 